PRODUCTION OF VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS BY FERMENTATION USING WHITE ROT FUNGI AND YEAST (2025)

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass with autochthonous fungi from Serbia

Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture, 2021

This research examined the potential use of isolated Serbian autochthonous fungi in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. Among 12 isolated fungi, the isolates identified as Trametes hirsuta F13 and Stereum gausapatum F28 stood out as ligninolytic enzyme producers and were selected for potential use in the pretreatment of a waste lignocellulosic biomass. An isolate identified as Myrmaecium fulvopruinatum F14 showed high hydrolytic activity, but negligible ligninolytic activity, and it was selected as a potential producer of important industrial hydrolytic enzymes. Further, the breakdown of lignocellulosic waste, beechwood sawdust, by T. hirsuta F13 and S. gausapatum F28 was examined. Both isolates efficiently degraded biomass, but T. hirsuta F13 exhibited greater selectivity (selectivity coefficient of 1.7) than S. gausapatum F28 (1.1). The isolate F13 was considered a better candidate for the pretreatment, and it was selected for further analysis which involved the use of molasses stillage as a supplement to improve the pretreatment.

Biotransformation of agro-industrial waste to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes and bioethanol with a zero waste

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 2020

The use of lignocellulosic wastes reduces dependence on fossil fuel resources, contributes to sustainable waste management, and reinforces the circular economy model of continual use of resources. Typically, the second generation of bioethanol production involves several steps to transform lignocellulosic material into bioethanol. The more complicated step of the overall process is to define a tailor-made to each lignocellulosic material available with a wide variety of complex structures of the lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. However, the thermochemicals are the most frequently reported pretreatments, and they have the bottleneck of producing an additional waste stream with a high charge of pollution owing to chemical products implicated. This problem harms on the zero waste policy that we must include in our technological process to be considered sustainable and ecological processes. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) is a viable alternative to produce bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials, using a single microorganism, in one-step, and no chemical products are implied. Three agro-industrial wastes with lignocellulosic characteristics were evaluated as a substrate for bioethanol production with a Mexican native white-rot fungus Trametes hirsuta CS5 in a one-step process. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of lignocellulolytic enzymes produced by native fungus were carried out. Instead, Trametes hirsuta is a lignin degrader white-rot fungus; it was capable to produce until 500 U/L of cellulase titers and a maximum xylanase activity of 45 U/mL when it was cultivated in orange peel substrate. Substantial ethanol yields were achieved using lignocellulosic materials like brewer's spent grain (BSG), orange peel (OP), and wheat bran (WB) as a carbon source in fermentation with no chemicals, which represents a zero waste environment-friendly ethanol production system. Ethanol yield on wheat bran was the highest of all evaluated substrates, reaching value of 34.9% at 7 days, being T. hirsuta able to degrade other hexoses and pentoses present in the structural polymers of cellulose and hemicellulose.

Bio-based Products from Lignocellulosic Waste Biomass

Chemical & biochemical engineering quarterly, 2021

This review presents data on the chemical composition of harvest residues and food industry by-products as widely abundant representatives of lignocellulosic waste biomass. Pretreatment methods, with special emphasis on biological methods, are presented as an important step in utilization of lignocellulosic waste biomass for the production of sustainable biofuels and high-value chemicals. Special attention was paid to the methods of lignin isolation and its possible utilization within lignocellulosic biorefinery. The objectives of circular bioeconomy and the main aspects of lignocellulosic biorefinery are highlighted. Finally, current data on industrial, pilot, and research and development plants used in Europe for the production of a variety of bio-based products from different feedstocks are presented.

Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials by Fermentation Process Using Yeast

Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2019

Rapid industrialization and growing population result to high demand for energy. Depletion and rise in price of petroleum as well as environmental pollution necessitates the need for alternative source of fuel, hence bioethanol production. Rice bran (Oryza sativa), Corn bran (Zea mays) and Sorghum bran (Sorghum guinense) and saw dusts of Khaya senegalensis (Red wood), Terminalia superba (Black wood), Gmelina arborea (White wood), were used for the study. The yeasts used for the study were isolated from fermented beverages (Sorghum beer, Millet beverage and Palm wine). The results of the lignocellulosic biomass of white saw dust, red saw dust, black saw dust, rice bran, corn bran and sorghum bran revealed cellulose components as 77.78%, 75.55%, 68.59%, 64.83%, 54.82% and 55.14% respectively. A total of 25 yeasts were isolates and identified using API 20C AUX strip. The yeast isolates, K2, B5, B7 and P1 had the highest ethanol tolerance value of 14%. The results showed that the ethanol-producing ability of the yeast isolates ranged from 4.1% to 10.3%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that ethanol is the main compound produced by yeasts from the lignocellulosic materials. This study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine (P1) is best in ethanol production and tolerance, and this high prolific strain can be exploited or engineered for ethanol production. Therefore, Lignocellulosic biomasses are recommended as raw materials for producing ethanol, which is a promising alternative energy source as against the depleting petroleum.

Biofuel Production by Fermentation of Water Plants and Agricultural Lignocellulosic by-Products

MATEC Web of Conferences, 2016

While at present most energy crops are depriving human feedstock, fermentation of agricultural residues and fast growing water plants possesses a good prospect to become a significant source for bio-fuel; as both substrates are widely available and do not require agricultural areas. Water hyacinth for instance can be cultivated in fresh, brackish or wastewater and owing to its rapid growth and availability. Since owing to its natural abundance it is considered to be an invasive plant in most continents, its utilization and use as a renewable energy source may also contribute for its dilution and control. Agricultural lignocellulosic surplus by-products are also a promising fermentable substrate for bioethanol production, as it decreases both disposal expenses and greenhouse gases emissions. This paper describes a scheme and methodology for transformation of any lignocellulosic biomass into biofuel by simple cost effective operation scheme, integrating an innovative process of mechanochemical activation pre-treatment followed by fermentation of the herbal digest and ethanol production through differential distillation. Under this approach several complex and costly staged of conventional ethanol production scheme may be replaced and by genetic engineering of custom fermenting microorganisms the fermentation process becomes a fully continuous industrial process.

Mediterranean agro-industrial wastes as valuable substrates for lignocellulolytic enzymes and protein production by solid-state fermentation

Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 2018

Mediterranean agro-food industries, among which are wineries, breweries and olive mills, dispose a great amount of wastes, which generate environmental problems and have a low nutritional value to be used as animal feed. In this sense, solid-state fermentation (SSF) can increase the nutritional value of these wastes and simultaneously produce lignocellulolytic enzymes. All fermented wastes were enriched in protein by the three fungi studied. A. ibericus was the fungus with the biggest increase of protein, which ranged from 1.4 times to 6.2 times respect to unfermented wastes. Likewise, A. ibericus achieved the maximum cellulase and xylanase activities. The relationship among substrates composition, fungi used and SSF performance were evaluated by PCA analysis. The high content of cellulose and hemicellulose favoured the lignocellulolytic enzymes production and the phenolics content were negatively correlated with enzymes production and with the increase of protein by SSF. Furthermor...

Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus Hydrolysis Enzymes through Immobilized S. cerevisiae

Energies

Lignocellulose, the main component of a plant cell wall, is a potential renewable bioenergy source. It is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin structures. Cellulose is a linear polysaccharide that is hydrolyzed chemically or enzymatically by cellulase. The addition of lignocellulosic biomass, such as wheat bran and coffee pulp, into the fermentation culture, induces the production of cellulases. Cellulose accounts for 20% of the enzyme market worldwide, demonstrating benefits in diverse applications, especially bioethanol and biogas generation. The aim is to evaluate the optimal condition for bioethanol production by previously isolated fungal species from different soil types in the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study attempts to evaluate and optimize the culture conditions of lignocellulosic biomass under SSF using the highest cellulases-producer strains in the region: Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus (GenBank Accession No. MT328516 and MT...

Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes from three white-rot fungi by solid-state fermentation and mathematical modeling

Three species of white rot-fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus, Coriolus versicolor, and Lentinula edodes) were grown on 12 solid media based on several lignocellulosic materials (oak sawdust, coconut husks, coffee husks and corn bran) during 49 days. The media had varied carbon/nitrogen ratios and CuSO 4 content. The objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of the media formulation on the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes and degradation of lignocellulosic components by the three fungal species. C. versicolor exhibited the highest ability to degrade the three main polymers of the lignocellulosic waste materials employed and to produce ligninases with titers as high as 107 U/g solid substrate in the case of laccase. In addition, a mathematical model describing the fermentation kinetics of the cell biomass growth, degradation of lignocellulosic components, and lignocellulolytic enzyme production for the fungal species/medium combination exhibiting the best performance under solid-state fermentation conditions was proposed and validated in the case of C. versicolor. The mathematical model could be used to provide valuable information on the process itself as well as to contribute to the development of a future commercial process for lignocellulolytic enzyme production.

Bio-based Products from Lignocellulosic Waste Biomass: A State of the Art

Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly

This review presents data on the chemical composition of harvest residues and food industry by-products as widely abundant representatives of lignocellulosic waste biomass. Pretreatment methods, with special emphasis on biological methods, are presented as an important step in utilization of lignocellulosic waste biomass for the production of sustainable biofuels and high-value chemicals. Special attention was paid to the methods of lignin isolation and its possible utilization within lignocellulosic biorefinery. The objectives of circular bioeconomy and the main aspects of lignocellulosic biorefinery are highlighted. Finally, current data on industrial, pilot, and research and development plants used in Europe for the production of a variety of bio-based products from different feedstocks are presented.

ACCOUNTS OF BIO/CHEMICAL RESEARCH Part 6. Bioconversion of Lignocellulose Project: " Autohydrolysis-Steam Explosion Pretreatment and Enzymatic Saccharification of Pretreated Lignocellulosic Residues "

This Account of Bio/Chemical Research∗ records the research developed by the author while at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) of Australia within the Divisions of: Chemical Technology (1982), Chemical and Wood Technology (1983-86) and Biotechnology (1987-1990). The author developed methods on the pretreatment of lignocellulosic residues (sugarcane bagasse, sunflower seed hulls, hardwood (Eucalyptus regnans) and softwood (Pinus radiata)) by autohydrolysis-steam explosion, and the quantitation of saccharification of the pretreated residues by enzymes of the cellulase complex (exo- and endo- cellulases and β-glucosidases). Steam-explosion as pretreatment for enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic residues resulted in high conversion yields of cellulose-to-glucose, and esp., when the cellulase digests were supplemented with exogenous β-glucosidase, resulting in glucose yields of >80% within 24 h at 50 °C and pH 5.0. Softwood residues required prior treatment with sulfur dioxide before steam-explosion to produce a deconstructed pulp that was as amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis as bagasse and hardwood residues. Detailed studies on a commercial β-glucosidase preparation (Novozym 188) derived from Aspergillus niger, demonstrated that this enzyme was a “perfect match” for Trichoderma reesei C-30 cellulases in saccharifying steam-exploded lignocellulosic resides. The β-glucosidase preparation was immobilized onto an encapsulated magnetic support coated with an organic polymer, and used to hydrolyze solids-suspensions of pretreated hardwood. The immobilized enzyme was recovered by application of a magnetic field force and recycled for reuse. The efficacy of the magnetic immobilized β-glucosidase was as good as the free enzyme, but more stable to the saccharification environment. A magnetic immobilized β-galactosidase (lactase) preparation was also produced and used to hydrolyze cheese whey lactose. The author documents and comments on the organizational changes that occurred while at the CSIRO during 1982-1990; the Review of the CSIRO, and the changes in the Divisions of Chemical and Wood Technology, and Biotechnology; the redundancy program at the CSIRO in 1990, and the retrenchment of scientific staff. The author took a one-year period of leave from CSIRO in 1989, and spent a sabbatical at Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro – COPPE, in Brazil. The author took on a Specialist Consultancy for the United Nations Development Fund on Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Residues in Chile during 1989. A list of invitations the author received at CSIRO is appended, as well as the publications authored. The author was retrenched from his position as Principal Research Scientist at the CSIRO in 1990, and a period of 20 years lapsed before he could re-immerge in his field of research specialty. The author has now retired after a 47-year research career, most of which was spent investigating the biodegradation and bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials; an interest that commenced in 1969.